C++ Fundamentals / PDF

C++ Fundamentals / PDF

Sample of the PDF document 

C++ is based on C; in fact, C is almost a subset of C++

  -  Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T Bell Laboratories

Standard C++

  -  Was formally adopted by American National Standards Institute and ISO to provide a common base in 1998 - our course is based on C++  as represented by “The C++ Programming Language”, Third Edition by B. Stroustrup

  -  Is unambiguous and machine independent.

  -  C++ implementations for a specific machine or operating system usually
provide "extensions" to the standard.  The use of such extensions will reduce the portability of the resulting C++ code.

  -  Is not yet fully supported by any widely-used compiler.

Syntax and Semantics

syntax  (grammar) rules that specify how valid instructions (constructs) are written

semantics  rules that specify the meaning of syntactically valid instructions

The syntax of an assignment statement requires that you have:

  l-value   =   expression;

where l-value is something, like a variable, whose value can be changed, and expression is a valid C++ expression.

The semantic rule for an assignment statement specifies that the value of the expression on the right side is stored in the l-value on the left side.  For example:

  const int totalDays = 25567; // NOT an l-value

  int daysPassed;              // l-values

  int daysLeft;

  daysPassed = 17094;

  daysLeft   = totalDays - daysPassed;

C++ Reserved Words

The C++ Standard specifies certain symbols and words as the official "vocabulary" of the C++ language. 

These reserved words (and symbols) are preempted by the C++ language definition and may only be used in the manner the language rules specify.

Fortunately the number of reserved words is relatively small (< 300).  Here's a sample:...........

C++ Fundamentals / PDF