Pascal language reference / PDF

Pascal language reference / PDF

Table of Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Preface

1.2 Compliance statement

2 Language Elements

2.1 What are language elements?

2.2 Character literals

2.3 Reserved words

2.4 Separators

2.5 Compiler directives

2.6 Special symbols

2.7 String literals

2.8 Numbers

2.8.1 Integers

2.8.1.1 What are integers?

2.8.1.2 Integers (Decimal notation)

2.8.1.3 Integers (Hexadecimal notation)

2.8.1.4 Integers (Binary notation)

2.8.2 Real numbers

2.8.2.1 What are real numbers?

2.9 Identifiers

2.9.1 What are identifiers?

2.9.2 Built-in identifiers

2.9.3 User defined/declared identifiers

2.9.4 Directives

2.9.4.1 What are directives?

2.9.4.2 The external directive

2.9.4.3 The forward directive

3 Labels

3.1 What are labels?

4 Constants

4.1 What are constants?

4.2 Built-in Constant Identifiers

4.2.1 What are built-in constant identifiers

4.2.2 appendmode

4.2.3 dir_bit

4.2.4 false

4.2.5 feature_calldll - calling DLLs supported?

4.2.6 feature_closedir - closedir supported?

4.2.7 feature_clrscr - clrscr supported?

4.2.8 feature_delay - delay supported?

4.2.9 feature_gotoxy - gotoxy supported?

4.2.10 feature_idispatch - COM/ActiveX objects supported?

4.2.11 feature_intr - intr supported?

4.2.12 feature_keypressed - keypressed supported?

4.2.13 feature_mysql - MySQL databases supported?

4.2.14 feature_odbc - ODBC databases supported?

4.2.15 feature_opendir - opendir supported?

4.2.16 feature_popen - popen supported?

4.2.17 feature_readdir - readdir supported?

4.2.18 feature_readkey - readkey supported?

4.2.19 feature_rewinddir - rewinddir supported?

4.2.20 feature_textbackground - textbackground supported?

4.2.21 feature_textcolor - textcolor supported?

4.2.22 feature_wherex - wherex supported?

4.2.23 feature_wherey - wherey supported?

4.2.24 grp_r

4.2.25 grp_w

4.2.26 grp_x

4.2.27 maxbyte

4.2.28 maxchar

4.2.29 maxint

4.2.30 maxword

4.2.31 nil

4.2.32 oth_r

4.2.33 oth_w

4.2.34 oth_x

4.2.35 platform_dos

4.2.36 platform_error

4.2.37 platform_fbsd

4.2.38 platform_linux

4.2.39 platform_os2

4.2.40 platform_solaris

4.2.41 platform_solaris_sparc

4.2.42 platform_win32

4.2.43 readmode

4.2.44 rsdefault

4.2.45 rsdynamic

4.2.46 rsforward

4.2.47 rskeyset

4.2.48 rsstatic

4.2.49 sql_tc_all

4.2.50 sql_tc_ddl_commit

4.2.51 sql_tc_ddl_ignore

4.2.52 sql_tc_dml

4.2.53 sql_tc_none

4.2.54 true

4.2.55 usr_r

4.2.56 usr_w

4.2.57 usr_x

4.2.58 writemode

4.2.59 Feature Constants

4.2.59.1 The feature constants

4.2.60 File Mode

4.2.60.1 The file mode constants

4.2.61 Permission Constants

4.2.61.1 The permission constants

4.2.62 Platform Constants

4.2.62.1 The platform constants

4.2.63 Recordset Type Constants

4.2.63.1 The recordset type constants

4.3 User Defined Constant Identifiers

4.3.1 Constant definitions

5 Types

5.1 What are types?

5.2 Array types

5.3 Enumerated types

5.4 File types

5.5 Integral types

5.6 List types

5.7 Ordinal types

5.8 Pointer types

5.9 Record types

5.10 Set types

5.11 String types

5.12 Subrange types

5.13 Variant Types

5.14 Object Types

5.14.1 What are object types?

5.14.2 Generic objects

5.15 Built-in Type Identifiers

5.15.1 The built-in type identifiers

5.15.2 address type

5.15.3 binary type

5.15.4 boolean type

5.15.5 byte type

5.15.6 char type

5.15.7 dir type

5.15.8 double type

5.15.9 error type

5.15.10 filename type

5.15.11 integer type

5.15.12 real type

5.15.13 registers type

5.15.14 regtype type

5.15.15 shortint type

5.15.16 shortword type

5.15.17 single type

5.15.18 text type

5.15.19 word type

5.15.20 Connection Type

5.15.20.1 The connection type

5.15.20.2 connection.close

5.15.20.3 connection.execute

5.15.20.4 connection.open

5.15.20.5 connection.selectdatabase

5.15.20.6 connection.databasename

5.15.20.7 connection.dbmsname

5.15.20.8 connection.dbmsver

5.15.20.9 connection.dmver

5.15.20.10 connection.odbcver

5.15.20.11 connection.procedures

5.15.20.12 connection.readonly

5.15.20.13 connection.transactions

5.15.20.14 connection.transsupport

5.15.21 Recordset Type

5.15.21.1 The recordset type

5.15.21.2 recordset.close

5.15.21.3 recordset.moreresults

5.15.21.4 recordset.movenext

5.15.21.5 recordset.open

5.15.21.6 recordset.eof

5.15.21.7 recordset.field

5.16 User Defined Type Identifiers

5.16.1 Type definitions

6 Variables

6.1 What are variables?

6.2 Named variables

6.3 Anonymous variables

6.4 Array variables

6.5 Buffer variables

6.6 File variables

6.7 List variables

6.8 Object variables

6.9 Pointer variables

6.10 Record variables

6.11 Set variables

6.12 String variables

6.13 Built-in Variable Identifiers

6.13.1 The built-in variable identifiers

6.13.2 errors

6.13.3 exitcode

6.13.4 input

6.13.5 null

6.13.6 output

6.14 User Declared Variable Identifiers

6.14.1 Variable Declarations

7 Functions And Procedures

7.1 What are functions and procedures?

7.2 Built-in Functions

7.2.1 The built-in functions

7.2.2 The abs function

7.2.3 The addr function

7.2.4 The arctan function

7.2.5 The chr function

7.2.6 The concat function

7.2.7 The copy function

7.2.8 The copyword function

7.2.9 The cos function

7.2.10 The cosh function

7.2.11 The countwords function

7.2.12 The createobject function

7.2.13 The dirsep function

7.2.14 The eof function

7.2.15 The eoln function

7.2.16 The exp function

7.2.17 The fexpand function

7.2.18 The filematch function

7.2.19 The filepos function

7.2.20 The filesize function

7.2.21 The frac function

7.2.22 The getenv function

7.2.23 The getlasterror function

7.2.24 The hex function

7.2.25 The int function

7.2.26 The ioresult function

7.2.27 The isalpha function

7.2.28 The isalphanum function

7.2.29 The isdigit function

7.2.30 The islower function

7.2.31 The isnull function

7.2.32 The isprint function

7.2.33 The isspace function

7.2.34 The isupper function

7.2.35 The isxdigit function

7.2.36 The keypressed function

7.2.37 The length function

7.2.38 The ln function

7.2.39 The log function

7.2.40 The locase function

7.2.41 The lowercase function

7.2.42 The odd function

7.2.43 The ord function

7.2.44 The paramcount function

7.2.45 The paramstr function

7.2.46 The pi function

7.2.47 The platform function

7.2.48 The pos function

7.2.49 The pred function

7.2.50 The ptr function

7.2.51 The random function

7.2.52 The readkey function

7.2.53 The reverse function

7.2.54 The round function

7.2.55 The sin function

7.2.56 The sinh function

7.2.57 The sizeof function

7.2.58 The sqr function

7.2.59 The sqrt function

7.2.60 The stopserverviceevent function

7.2.61 The succ function

7.2.62 The supported function

7.2.63 The swap function

7.2.64 The system function

7.2.65 The tan function

7.2.66 The tanh function

7.2.67 The trim function

7.2.68 The trunc function

7.2.69 The unixplatform function

7.2.70 The upcase function

7.2.71 The uppercase function

7.2.72 The urldecode function

7.2.73 The version function

7.2.74 The wait function

7.2.75 The wherex function

7.2.76 The wherey function

7.3 User Declared Functions

7.3.1 Function declarations

7.4 Built-in Procedures

7.4.1 The built-in procedures

7.4.2 The append procedure

7.4.3 The assert procedure

7.4.4 The assign procedure

7.4.5 The chdir procedure

7.4.6 The close procedure

7.4.7 The closedir procedure

7.4.8 The clrscr procedure

7.4.9 The crc32 procedure

7.4.10 The dec procedure

7.4.11 The delay procedure

7.4.12 The delete procedure

7.4.13 The dispose procedure

7.4.14 The erase procedure

7.4.15 The exec procedure

7.4.16 The exit procedure

7.4.17 The fill procedure

7.4.18 The flush procedure

7.4.19 The fsplit procedure

7.4.20 The get procedure

7.4.21 The getdate procedure

7.4.22 The getfiledate procedure

7.4.23 The getfilemode procedure

7.4.24 The getfiletime procedure

7.4.25 The gettime procedure

7.4.26 The gotoxy procedure

7.4.27 The halt procedure

7.4.28 The inc procedure

7.4.29 The insert procedure

7.4.30 The intr procedure

7.4.31 The mkdir procedure

7.4.32 The move procedure

7.4.33 The msdos procedure

7.4.34 The new procedure

7.4.35 The open procedure

7.4.36 The opendir procedure

7.4.37 The pack procedure

7.4.38 The page procedure

7.4.39 The popen procedure

7.4.40 The put procedure

7.4.41 The randomize procedure

7.4.42 The rawread procedure

7.4.43 The rawwrite procedure

7.4.44 The read procedure

7.4.45 The readdir procedure

7.4.46 The readln procedure

7.4.47 The rename procedure

7.4.48 The reset procedure

7.4.49 The rewinddir procedure

7.4.50 The rewrite procedure

7.4.51 The rmdir procedure

7.4.52 The seek procedure

7.4.53 The setfiledate procedure

7.4.54 The setfiletime procedure

7.4.55 The sleep procedure

7.4.56 The str procedure

7.4.57 The textbackground procedure

7.4.58 The textcolor procedure

7.4.59 The traperrors procedure

7.4.60 The unpack procedure

7.4.61 The val procedure

7.4.62 The write procedure

7.4.63 The writeln procedure

7.5 User Declared Procedure

7.5.1 Procedure declarations

7.6 External Functions And Procedures

7.6.1 Calling external functions and procedures

8 Expressions

8.1 What are expressions?

8.2 Set constructors

8.3 Type Conversion Rules

8.3.1 What are type conversion rules

8.3.2 Numeric type conversion rules

8.3.3 Char/String type conversion rules

8.4 Operators

8.4.1 What are operators?

8.4.2 Arithmetic Operators

8.4.2.1 The arithmetic operators

8.4.2.2 Addition (+)

8.4.2.3 Unary plus (+)

8.4.2.4 Subtraction (-)

8.4.2.5 Unary minus (-)

8.4.2.6 multiplication (*)

8.4.2.7 Real division (/)

8.4.2.8 Integer division (div)

8.4.2.9 Modulus (mod)

8.4.3 Equality Operators

8.4.3.1 The equality operators

8.4.3.2 Is equal

8.4.3.3 Is not equal

8.4.4 Relational Operators

8.4.4.1 The relational operators

8.4.4.2 Is less than

8.4.4.3 Is less than or equal

8.4.4.4 Is greater than

8.4.4.5 Is greater than or equal

8.4.5 Boolean Operators

8.4.5.1 The boolean operators

8.4.5.2 not (boolean)

8.4.5.3 and (boolean)

8.4.5.4 and_then (boolean)

8.4.5.5 or (boolean)

8.4.5.6 or_else (boolean)

8.4.5.7 xor (boolean)

8.4.6 String Operators

8.4.6.1 The string operators

8.4.6.2 String concatenation (+)

8.4.7 Set Operators

8.4.7.1 The set operators

8.4.7.2 Set union (+)

8.4.7.3 Set difference (-)

8.4.7.4 Set intersection (*)

8.4.7.5 Set inclusion (in)

8.4.8 Bitwise Operators

8.4.8.1 The bitwise operators

8.4.8.2 not (bitwise)

8.4.8.3 and (bitwise)

8.4.8.4 or (bitwise)

8.4.8.5 xor (bitwise)

8.4.8.6 Bit shift left (shl)

8.4.8.7 Bit shift right (shr)

9 Statements

9.1 What are statements?

9.2 Empty statement

9.3 Assignment statement

9.4 Procedure statement

9.5 Goto statement

9.6 Compound statement

9.7 If statement

9.8 Case statement

9.9 Repeat statement

9.10 While statement

9.11 For statement

9.12 With statement

9.13 Procedure method statement

10 Pascal Compatibility Rules

10.1 Compatible types

10.2 Assignment Compatibilty

10.2.1 What is assignment compatibility?

10.2.2 Assignment compatibility with array indexing

10.2.3 Assignnment compatibility with value parameters

10.2.4 Assignment compatibility with "read"

10.2.5 Assignment compatibility with assignment statements

10.2.6 Assignment compatibility with "for"

10.2.7 Assignment compatibility with transfer procedures

11 Program Parameters

11.1 What are program parameters?

12 The Windows Sockets Library (WinSock2)

12.1 What are sockets?

12.2 Introducing The WinSock2 library

12.3 Initializing the WinSock2 library

12.4 Cleaning up WinSock2

12.5 Checking for errors

12.6 Creating Sockets

12.6.1 Creating data sockets

12.6.2 Creating listening sockets

12.7 Binding Sockets

12.7.1 The bind function

12.8 Converting Data Sockets Into Listening Sockets

12.8.1 The listen function

12.9 Blocking

12.9.1 Dealing with blocking

12.9.2 The ioctlsocket function

12.9.3 The select function

12.10 Accepting Connections

12.10.1 The accept function

12.11 Making Connections

12.11.1 The connect function

12.12 Reading Data

12.12.1 The recv function

12.12.2 The recvfrom function

12.13 Sending Data

12.13.1 The send function

12.13.2 The sendto function

12.14 How To Covert Names and IP Addresses

12.14.1 The gethostbyname function

12.14.2 The gethostbyaddr function

12.15 Closing Sockets

12.15.1 The shutdown function

12.15.2 The closesocket function

12.16 Some Other WinSock2 functions

12.16.1 The gethostname function

12.16.2 The getpeername function

12.16.3 The getsockname function

12.16.4 The getsockopt function

12.16.5 The htonl function

12.16.6 The htons function

12.16.7 The inet_addr function

12.16.8 The inet_ntoa function

12.16.9 The ntohl function

12.16.10 The ntohs function

12.16.11 The setsockopt function

13 Appendix A - Extensions to Pascal as specified by ISO/IEC 7185

13.1 What are extensions?

13.2 Allow relaxed declarations

13.3 Allow constant ranges

13.4 Allow 'otherwise'

13.5 Allow relaxed parameter list congruity

13.6 Allow non-numeric statement labels

13.7 Allow underscores in identifiers

13.8 Allow binary and hexadecimal integers

13.9 Auto-declare Input and Output

13.10 Allow double-quoted literals

13.11 Enable non-standard operators

13.12 Enable non-standard constants

13.13 Enable non-standard types

13.14 Enable non-standard variables

13.15 Enable non-standard functions

13.16 Enable non-standard procedures

14 Appendix B - Deviations from ISO/IEC 7185

14.1 Deviations from ISO/IEC 7185

14.2 end-of-line char

14.3 Termination of all lines in text files

14.4 new(p, c1..cN)

14.5 dispose(q, k1..kM)

14.6 dispose(pointer value)

14.7 Carriage returns

15 Appendix C - Implementation limits

15.1 Implementation limits

15.2 Length of source lines

15.3 Number and nesting of statement sequences

15.4 Nesting of functions/procedures

15.5 Range of variant selector's type & Number of variants

15.6 Size of integer constants

15.7 Size of real constants

15.8 Size of code and data

15.9 Number of set elements

15.10 Nesting of statements

15.11 Nesting of include directives

15.12 Stack size

15.13 Number of Source Lines

16 Appendix D - Implementation-defined features

16.1 Implementation-defined features

16.2 String-elements

16.3 Provision of tokens and delimiting characters

16.4 Size and precision of real values

16.5 Character set

16.6 Ordinal values of characters

16.7 Characters prohibited from text files

16.8 When I/O is performed

16.9 Value of "maxint"

16.10 Accuracy of real operations and functions

16.11 Default value of TotalWidth for integer-type

16.12 Default value of TotalWidth for real-type

16.13 Default value of TotalWidth for boolean-type

16.14 Number of digits written in exponents

16.15 Use of "e" or "E" as exponent character on output

16.16 Case of characters used on output of boolean values

16.17 Effect of built-in procedure "page"

16.18 Binding of file-type program-parameters

16.19 Effect of "reset" and "rewrite" on "input" and "output"

17 Appendix E - Implementation-dependent features

17.1 Implementation-dependent features

17.2 Effect of writing "prohibited" characters

17.3 Order of evaluation of index-expressions

17.4 Order of evaluation of expressions of a member-designator

17.5 Order of evaluation of member-designators

17.6 Order of evaluation of operands of dyadic operators

17.7 Order of evaluation of actual-parameters for function calls

17.8 Order of evaluating components of assignment statements

17.9 Order of evaluation of actual-parameters for procedure calls

17.10 Effect of reading a text file to which "page" has been applied

17.11 Binding of non-file program-parameters

18 Appendix F - Errors

18.1 What are errors?

18.2 Array index out of bounds

18.3 Accessing inactive variant

18.4 Dereferencing nil pointers

18.5 Dereferencing undefined pointers

18.6 Dangling pointers

18.7 Altering file-variables

18.8 Using out-of-range value parameters

18.9 Using out-of-range set value parameters

18.10 Output to file not open for writing

18.11 Output to undefined file

18.12 Writing to middle of file

18.13 Using Put on undefined buffer-variables

18.14 Resetting undefined files

18.15 Input from file not open for reading

18.16 Input from undefined file

18.17 Reading past end-of-file

18.18 Reading out of range values

18.19 Writing out of range values

18.20 new(p, c1..cN) constraints violated

18.21 Incompatible use of dispose(p)

18.22 Incompatible use of dispose(p, k1..kM)

18.23 dispose(p, k1..kM) constraint violations

18.24 disposing nil pointer

18.25 disposing undefined pointer

18.26 new(p, c1..cM) constraint violated

18.27 Invalid use of pack (1)

18.28 Invalid use of pack (2)

18.29 Invalid use of pack (3)

18.30 Invalid use of unpack (1)

18.31 Invalid use of unpack (2)

18.32 Invalid use of unpack (3)

18.33 Square of large numbers

18.34 ln(x) and x is less than or equal to 0

18.35 Square root of negative number

18.36 Problems with trunc

18.37 Problems with round

18.38 Problems with chr

18.39 Problems with succ

18.40 Problems with pred

18.41 Using eof on undefined files

18.42 Using eoln on undefined files

18.43 Using eoln at end-of-file

18.44 Using undefined variables

18.45 Real division by zero

18.46 Integer division by zero

18.47 Modulus of zero or negative

18.48 Integer overflow/underflow

18.49 Returning undefined value from function

18.50 Assigning out of range ordinal values

18.51 Assigning out of range set values

18.52 Non-matching case index

18.53 For loops initial value out of range

18.54 For loops final value out of range

18.55 Reading invalid integer values

18.56 Reading out of range integer values

18.57 Reading invalid numeric values

18.58 Reading when file is not open

18.59 Writing with TotalWidth or FracDigits less than one

18.60 Problems with program-parameters

18.61 Problems with conformant arrays

19 Appendix G - I/O error codes

19.1 I/O error codes

Pascal language reference / PDF