Free tutorial : Basic Elements of C++
Free tutorial : Basic Elements of C++
Overview
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Chapter 2 teaches your students
the basics of C++. Learning a programming language is similar to learning to be
a chef or learning to play a musical instrument. All three require direct
interaction with the tools; in other words, you cannot become proficient by simply
reading books on the topics. In this chapter, your students will begin
acquiring a fundamental knowledge of C++ by learning about data types,
functions, identifiers, assignment statements, arithmetic operations, and
input/output operations. They will then
write and test programs using these concepts to verify their knowledge of the
material.
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Objectives
In this chapter,
the student will:
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Become familiar with the basic components of a C++ program, including
functions, special symbols, and identifiers
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Explore simple data types
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Discover how to use arithmetic operators
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Examine how a program evaluates arithmetic expressions
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Learn what an assignment statement is and what it does
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Become familiar with the string data type
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Discover how to input data into memory using input statements
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Become familiar with the use of increment and decrement operators
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Examine ways to output results using output statements
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Learn how to use preprocessor directives and why they are necessary
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Explore how to properly structure a program, including using comments to
document a program
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Learn how to write a C++ program
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Teaching Tips
The Basics of a C++ Program
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1.
Introduce this chapter by explaining that a
C++ program is essentially a collection of one or more subprograms, called
functions. Note that although many functions are predefined in the C++ library,
programmers must learn how to write their own functions to accomplish specific
tasks.
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2.
Emphasize that every C++ program must have a
function called main. Use Example 2-1 to illustrate a basic main
function.
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3.
Define the terms syntax rules and semantic
rules as they relate to a programming language and explain the difference
between the two.
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Teaching
Tip
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Emphasize that compilers check for syntax but not semantic errors.
Give an example of each type of error.
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Comments
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1.
Use the program in Example 2-1 to describe
the use and importance of comments. Stress that comments are for the reader,
not for the compiler.
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Special
Symbols
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1.
Explain that the C++ programming language
consists of individual units called tokens, and these are divided into special
symbols, word symbols, and identifiers.
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2.
Go over some of the special symbols in C++,
including mathematical symbols, punctuation marks, the blank symbol, and double
characters that are regarded as a single symbol.
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Reserved
Words (Keywords)
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1.
Discuss the word symbols, or keywords, used
in C++, using Appendix A as a guide.
Emphasize that C++ keywords are reserved and cannot be redefined for any
other purpose with a program.
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Identifiers
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1.
Define the term identifier as a name for
something, such as a variable, constant, or function.
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2.
Discuss the rules for naming identifiers in
C++. Also note that C++ is a case-sensitive language.
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Teaching
Tip
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Discuss the difference between C++ conventions and rules. For
example, it is a rule that a mathematical symbol cannot be used in an
identifier name. However, it is a convention to begin an identifier with a
lowercase letter.
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Whitespaces
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1.
Explain that whitespaces (which include
blanks, tabs, and newline characters) are used to separate special symbols,
reserved words, and identifiers.
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Data Types
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1.
Explain that C++ categorizes data into
different types in order to manipulate the data in a program correctly.
Although it may seem cumbersome at first to be so type-conscious, emphasize
that C++ has these built-in checks to guard against errors.
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Teaching
Tip
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Explain that C++ is called a strongly-typed language because it
checks for operations between inconsistent data types. This results in more
robust and error-free programs. Demonstrate how C++ checks for data types
with a simple program that attempts to add a string and a numeric value.
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2.
Mention that C++ data types fall into three
categories: simple data types, structured data types, and pointers. Only the
first type is discussed in this chapter.
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Simple
Data Types
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1.
Using Figure 2-2, describe the three
categories of simple data types in C++: integral, floating-point, and
enumeration.
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2.
Using Figure 2-3, mention the nine
categories of integral data types. Explain why C++ (and many other languages) has so many
categories of the same data type. In addition, discuss the rules involving the
use of integral types.
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3.
Explain the purpose of the bool
data type.
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4.
Discuss the char data type,
including its primary uses. Mention commonly used ASCII characters and their
predefined ordering. Explain that a char data type is enclosed in single quotation
marks, and note that only one symbol may be designated as a character.
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Floating-Point
Data Types
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1.
Use Table 2-3 to explain how C++ represents
real, or floating-point, numbers. Use Figure 2-4 to mention the three
categories of data types to represent real numbers (float, double,
and long
double), and explain when to use each type.
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2.
Define the terms precision, single
precision, and double precision.
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Teaching
Tip
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Demonstrate how to find the values of float and double on a
particular system by running the program with the header file
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Quick Quiz 1
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- What is an enumeration type?
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Answer: C++’s method for
allowing programmers to create their own simple data types
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- The maximum number of significant digits in a number is called the ____________________.
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Answer: precision
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3.
The data type ____________________ has only two values: true and false.
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Answer: bool
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- The ____________________ data type, the smallest integral data type, is used to represent integral numbers between -128 and 127.
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Answer: char
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Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
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1.
Discuss the five arithmetic operators in C++
that are used to manipulate integral and floating-type data types.
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2.
Explain the difference between unary and
binary operators.
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Order
of Precedence
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1.
Review operator precedence rules, as C++
uses these rules when evaluating expressions. Example 2-5 illustrates the use
of parentheses to override the order of operator precedence.
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Expressions
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1.
This section discusses integral and
floating-point expressions in detail. Use Examples 2-6 and 2-7 to clarify how
C++ processes expressions.
Mixed Expressions
1.
Discuss the two rules for evaluating mixed
expressions and illustrate these rules in practice using Example 2-8.........
Free tutorial : Basic Elements of C++
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