Introduction to C++ Programming/ PDF

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Why do you need to learn “old” compiled languages?

Because C, C++, and Fortran (77/95) are the most efficient existing tools for intensive numerical computing
Because tons of fast and well-tested codes are available in Fortran, C/C++
Newer languages have emphasized simplicity and reliability – at the cost of computational efficiency
To get speed, you need to dive into the details of compiled languages, and this course is a first, gentle step

C language

C is a dominating language in Unix and Windows environments
The C syntax has inspired lots of popular languages (Awk, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby)
Numerous tools (numerical libraries, e.g., MPI) are written in C; interfacing them requires C knowledge
C is extremely portable; “all” machines can compile and run C programs
C is very low level and close to the machine
Unlimited possibilities; one can do anything in C
Programmers of high-level languages often get confused by strange/unexpected errors in C

C++ language

C++ extends C with

- declare variables wherever you want

- in/out function arguments use references (instead of pointers)

classes for implementing user-defined data types
a standard library (STL) for frequently used data types (list, stack, queue, vector, hash, string, complex, ...)
object-oriented programming
generic programming, i.e., parameterization of variable types via templates
exceptions for error handling
C is a subset of C++........

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Introduction to C++ Programming/ PDF