C++ Strings

C++ Strings

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C++ Strings

One of the most useful data types supplied in the C++ libraries is the string. A string is a
variable that stores a sequence of letters or other characters, such as "Hello" or "May 10th is my birthday!". Just like the other data types, to create a string we first declare it, then we can store a value in it.

string testString;
testString = "This is a string.";

We can combine these two statements into one line:

string testString = "This is a string.";

Often, we use strings as output, and cout works exactly like one would expect:
cout << testString << endl;

will print the same result as
cout << "This is a string." << endl;

In order to use the string data type, the C++ string header must be included at the top of the program. Also, you’ll need to include using namespace std; to make the short name string visible instead of requiring the cumbersome std::string. (As a side note, std is a C++ namespace for many pieces of functionality that are provided in standard C++ libraries. 

For the purposes of this class, you won't need to otherwise know
about namespaces.) Thus, you would have the following #include's in your program in order to use the string type.

#include
using namespace std;

Basic Operations

Let’s go into specifics about the string manipulations you’ll be doing the most.

Counting the number of characters in a string. The length method returns the number of characters in a string, including spaces and punctuation. Like many of the string operations, length is a member function, and we invoke member functions using dot notation. The string that is the receiver is to the left of the dot, the member function we are invoking is to the right, (e.g. str.length()). In such an expression, we are requesting the length from the variable str.


example program:

#include
#include
using namespace std;

#include "console.h"
int main() {
string small, large;
small = "I am short";
large = "I, friend, am a long and elaborate string indeed";
cout << "The short string is " << small.length()
<< " characters." << endl;
cout << The long string is " << large.length()
<< " characters." << endl;
return 0;
}
output:
The short string is 10 characters.
The long string is 48 characters.
Accessing individual characters. Using square brackets, you can access individual characters within a string as if it’s a char array. Positions within a string str are numbered from 0 through str.length() - 1. You can read and write to characters
within a string using [].

example program:

#include
#include

using namespace std;
#include "console.h"
int main() {
string test;
test = "I am Q the omnipot3nt";
char ch = test[5]; // ch is 'Q'
test[18] = 'e'; // we correct misspelling of omnipotent
cout << test << endl;
cout << "ch = " << ch << endl;
return 0;
}..................

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C++ Strings